Representar la ciudad. Modos de simulación en los lenguajes gráficos

La proposta indaga en I'especificitat dels Ilenguatges grafics i llur capacitat de simulació pera la practica projectual. Des d'una perspectiva semiotica s'articulen categories d'analisi proposades per Ch. S. Peirce i J. A. Greimas amb la intenció de mostrar en cada llenguatge la seva capacitat diferent de produir semiosis, tant pel que fa a la cognició com a I'acció en el treball de disenyar.The article investigates the specificity of graphic languages and their capacity to simulate in projecting. From a semiotic point of view, we examine analytical categories proposed by Ch. S. Peirce and J. A. Greimas, in order to demonstrate the ability of each language to create semiosis, both for cognition as well as for design activities

La estructura espacial del cuadro: una lectura semiótica de "Las Meninas"

La Semiotica de I'Espai mira d'explicar uns mecanismes dels que les formes depenen, que per tant preparen la percepció visual per dessota d'allo que hom hi veu efectivament. Aquest treball és una prova d'arribar a la sintaxi profunda de I'obra d'art, pero ho fa mitjantcant un exemple: Las Meninas de Velázquez. Així, en I'obra hi veiem la relació entre tres nivells d'analisi: sintaxi (mecanismes de relació formal), semantica (producció del sentit) i pragmatica (relació de I'obra amb I'interpret). Aixo és la Teoria de la Delimitació Espacial.The semiotics of space attempts to explain the mechanisms on which forms depend, and that prepare some kind of background for a visual perception, conditioning al1 that we are really able to see. This study attempts to find in painting a deep syntax, but it does so with an example: Las Meninas, Velázquez. So, in this painting we are aware of three relational analytic levels: syntax (relational forms), semantics (production of sense) and pragmatics (the relation between the work and the interpret). This is the Spaceshape Theory

Logical Semiotics Analysis on the Uses of Color

Este artículo quiere mostrar cómo la semiótica peirceana –de base lógico-triádica– puede ser un aporte importante para zanjar un problema que históricamente no había sido resuelto. Fue necesario el Nonágono Semiótico –derivado de la conocida clasificación de los signos de Charles S. Peirce–, para poder describir sistemáticamente una práctica usual como el uso lógico del color que ya fuera planteado como algo necesario a ser definido por Johan Wolfgang von Goethe en el siglo XIX.This article intends to show how Peircean semiotics —based on triadic logic— could be an important contribution to settle a historically unsolved problem. The Semiotic Nonagon, derived from the well-known classification of signs by Charles S. Peirce, became essential to systematically describe a usual practice such as the logical use of color, which Johan Wolfgang von Goethe had already proposed as something necessary to be defined in the XIX century

Gender-specific association of body composition with inflammatory and adipose-related markers in healthy elderly Europeans from the NU-AGE study

Objectives: The aim of this work was to examine the cross-sectional relationship between body composition (BC) markers for adipose and lean tissue and bone mass, and a wide range of specific inflammatory and adipose-related markers in healthy elderly Europeans. Methods: A whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan was made in 1121 healthy (65–79 years) women and men from five European countries of the “New dietary strategies addressing the specific needs of elderly population for a healthy aging in Europe” project (NCT01754012) cohort to measure markers of adipose and lean tissue and bone mass. Pro-inflammatory (IL-6, IL-6Rα, TNF-α, TNF-R1, TNF-R2, pentraxin 3, CRP, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, albumin) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10, TGF-β1) molecules as well as adipose-related markers such as leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, and resistin were measured by magnetic bead-based multiplex-specific immunoassays and biochemical assays. Results: BC characteristics were different in elderly women and men, and more favorable BC markers were associated with a better adipose-related inflammatory profile, with the exception of skeletal muscle mass index. No correlation was found with the body composition markers and circulating levels of some standard pro- and anti-inflammatory markers like IL-6, pentraxin 3, IL-10, TGF-β1, TNF-α, IL-6Rα, glycoprotein 130, TNF-α-R1, and TNF-α-R2. Conclusions: The association between BC and inflammatory and adipose-related biomarkers is crucial in decoding aging and pathophysiological processes, such as sarcopenia. DXA can help in understanding how the measurement of fat and muscle is important, making the way from research to clinical practice. Key Points: • Body composition markers concordantly associated positively or negatively with adipose-related and inflammatory markers, with the exception of skeletal muscle mass index. • No correlation was found with the body composition markers and circulating levels of some standard pro- and anti-inflammatory markers like IL-6, pentraxin 3, IL-10, TGF-β1, TNF-α, IL-6Rα, gp130, TNF-α-R1, and TNF-α-R2. • Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) shows a good correlation with inflammatory profile in age-related sarcopenia

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field